TM 55-1510-219-10 CAUTION When  the  aircraft  is  being  towed, a  qualified  person  must  be  in  the pilot's seat to maintain control by use  of  the  brakes.    When  towing, do   not   exceed   nose   gear   turn limits.    Avoid  short  radius  turns, and   always   keep   the   inside   or pivot   wheel   turning   during   the operation.      Do   not   tow   aircraft with    rudder    locks    installed,    as severe damage to the nose steering linkage can result.  When moving the aircraft backwards, do not    apply    the    brakes    abruptly. Tow  the  aircraft  slowly,  avoiding sudden     stops,     especially     over snowy,     icy     rough,     soggy,     or muddy terrain.  In arctic climates, the  aircraft  must  be  towed  by  the main gears, as an immense breakaway    load,    resulting    from ice,    frozen    tires,    and    stiffened grease in the wheel bearings may damage the nose gear. CAUTION Do   not   tow   or   taxi   aircraft   with deflated shock struts. (2)    Towing.    Towing  lugs  are  provided  on  the upper  torque  knee  fitting  of  the  nose  strut.    When  it  is necessary  to  tow  the  aircraft  with  a  vehicle,  use  the vehicle    tow    bar.        In    the    event    towing    lines    are necessary,  use  towing  lugs  on  the  main  landing  gear. Use towing lines long enough to clear nose and/or tail by at  least  15  feet.    This  length  is  required  to  prevent  the aircraft  from  overrunning  the  towing  vehicle  or  fouling the nose gear. d.        Ground    Handling    Under    Extreme    Weather Conditions.      Extreme   weather   conditions   necessitate particular care in ground handling of the aircraft.  In hot, dry, sandy, desert conditions, special attention must be devoted  to  finding  a  firmly  packed  parking  and  towing area.  If such areas are not available, steel mats or an equivalent    solid    base    must    be    provided    for    these purposes.  In wet, swampy areas, care must be taken to avoid bogging down the aircraft.  Under cold, icy, arctic conditions,  additional  mooring  is  required,  and  added precautions   must   be   taken   to   avoid   skidding   during towing    operations.        The    particular    problems    to    be encountered  under  adverse  weather  conditions  and  the special   methods   designed   to   avoid   damage   to   the aircraft are covered by the various phases of the ground handling  procedures  included  in  this  section  of  general ground  handling  instructions.    (Refer  to  TM  55-1500- 204-25/1.) 2-100.  INSTALLATION OF PROTECTIVE COVERS. The   crew   will   insure   that   the   aircraft   protective covers are installed. 2-101.  MOORING. The  aircraft  is  moored  to  insure  its  immovability, protection, and security under various weather conditions.  The following paragraphs give, in detail, the instructions for proper mooring of the aircraft. a.    Mooring  Provisions.    Mooring  points  (fig.    2-32) are   provided   beneath   the   wings   and   tail.      Additional mooring  cables  may  be  attached  to  each  landing  gear. General  mooring  equipment  and  procedures  necessary to  moor  the  aircraft,  in  addition  to  the  following,  are given in TM 55-1500-204-25/1. (1)    Use  mooring  cables  of  1/4  inch  diameter aircraft  cable  and  clamp  (clip-wire  rope),  chain  or  rope 3/8 inch diameter or larger.  Length of the cable or rope will  be  dependent  upon  existing  circumstances.    Allow sufficient slack in ropes, chains, or cable to compensate for tightening action due to moisture absorption of rope or thermal contraction of cable or chain.  Do not use slip knots.    Use  bowline  knots  to  secure  aircraft  to  mooring stakes. (2)  Chock the wheels. b.    Mooring  Procedures  for  High  Winds.    Structural damage can occur from high velocity winds; therefore, if at  all  possible,  the  aircraft  should  be  moved  to  a  safe weather area when winds above 75 knots are expected. If aircraft must be secured use the following steps: 1.  After aircraft is properly located, place nose wheel  in  centered  position.    Head  aircraft into the wind, or as nearly so as is possible within limits determined by locations of fixed mooring    rings.        When    necessary,    a    45 degree variation of direction is considered to be   satisfactory.      Locate   each   aircraft   at slightly  more  than  wing  span  distance  from all   other   aircraft.      Position   nose   mooring point  approximately  3  to  5  feet  downwind from ground mooring anchors. 2.  Deflate nose wheel shock strut to within 3/4 inch of its fully deflated position. 3.  Fill all fuel tanks to capacity, if time permits. 4.  Place wheel chocks fore and aft of main gear wheels  and  nose  wheel.    Tie  each  pair  of chocks together with rope 2-87