SECTION I INTRODUCTION - TM-43-0106_9ACID BRITTLENESSBILLET.DECALESCENCE.EXPOSUREHEAT TREATMENTOVERHEATING.SPHEROIDIZING.SECTION II FERROUS (STEEL) ALLOYS2-7. NICKEL STEELS2-11. CHROME-VANADIUM STEELS.2-19. QUENCHING PROCEDURE2-20. QUENCHING MEDIUM.2-29. NORMALIZING.2-35. CARBURIZING. 2-41. CYANIDING.2-48. HEAT CONTROL, FURNACE TEMPERATURES SURVEY AND TEMPERATURE MEASURING EQUIPMENTFIGURE 2-1. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF THERMOCOUPLES.2-53. FURNACE CONTROL INSTRUMENTS ACCURACYTABLE 2-1. SOAKING PERIODS FOR HARDENING NORMALIZING AND ANNEALING (PLAIN CARBON STEEL)2-68. HARDNESS TESTING.TABLE 2-2 - SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCESPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_31SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_32SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_33SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_34SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_35SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_36SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_37SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_38SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_39SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_40SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_41SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_42SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_43SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_44SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_45SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_46SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_47SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_48SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_49SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_50SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_51SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_52SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_53SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_542-74. GENERAL HEAT TREATING TEMPERATURES, COIAPOSITION (CHEMICAL) AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS STEEL AND STEEL ALLOYSNAXAC91151040 Medium Carbon 1070 High Carbon 1117 Carbon (Free Cutting Steel)2330 Nickel Alloy3140 Nickel Chrome Alloy 4135 Chronium Molydenum Alloy 4140 Medium Carbon Chromium LADISH D-6-A. LOW ALLOY HIGH STRENGTH4337, 4340 STEEL NICKEL4620. Steel Nickel Molybdenum Alloy 8615 Steel-Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy8630 Steel Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy9310 Steel NiCr-Mo (Electric Furnace Steel)Type 302. Steel Austenitic Stainless TYPE 314. Steel-Austenitic StainlessTYPE 316 & 317. Steel-Austenitic StainlessTYPE 414. Steel Martensitic StainlessTYPE 431. Steel Martensitic Stainless17-7PH. Steel Martensitic Stainless (Precipitation Hardening)15-7-MO. Steel Martensitic Stainless19-9 DL 19-9 DX. AM 355 Steel 16-15-6. Steel - Iron - Chromium - Nickel - AlloyGMR-235. Nickel Base Corrosive Resistant AlloyINCONEL ALLOY 718. Steel Nickel Chromium Stainless AlloyRENE 41. Nickel Base Heat Treatable Stainless Alloy 2-75. MACHINING OF STEELS (GENERAL)TABLE 2-3. CUTTING SPEEDS AND FEEDS FOR SAE 1112 USING STANDARD HIGH SPEED TOOLSTABLE 2-4. MACHINABILITY RATING OF VARIOUS METALSTABLE 2-5. CONVERSION OF SURFACE FEET PER MINUTE ( SFM) TO REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE (RPM)TABLE 2-6. TOOL CORRECTION CHART.TABLE 2-7. GENERAL MACHINING COMPARISON OF CORROSION RESISTING STEEL TO FREE MACHINING SCREW STOCK B1112.TABLE 2-8. SUGGESTED CUTTING SPEEDS AND FEEDS.TABLE 2-9. TOOLS ANGLES - TURNINGTABLE 2-10. SUGGESTED MILLING CUTTING SPEEDS AND FEEDS2-97. DRILLING CORROSION RESISTING STEELTABLE 2-13. TAPPING ALLOWANCES (HOLE SIZE TO SCREW SIZE)TAPPING ALLOWANCE (HOLE SIZE TO SCREW SIZE) CONT'D.2-111. SAWING2-126. Preparation for Welding. TABLE 2-14. GENERAL FILLER ROD DIA, TIP SIZE, GAS PRESSURE TO METAL THICKNESS SELECTION CHARTFIGURE 2-2. WELD SYMBOLS AND BASIC TYPES OF JOINTS AND WELDS2-135. WELDING OF LOW ALLOY STEEL GENERALTABLE 2-15. WELDING CHARACTERISTICS - GENERAL, STEELS OTHER THAN STAINLESSWELDING CHARACTERISTICS - GENERAL, STEELS OTHER THAN STAINLESS (CONT'D) - TM-43-0106_101WELDING CHARACTERISTICS - GENERAL, STEELS OTHER THAN STAINLESS (CONT'D) - TM-43-0106_102WELDING CHARACTERISTICS - GENERAL, STEELS OTHER THAN STAINLESS (CONT'D) - TM-43-0106_1032-147. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH WELDING2-152. WELDING OF CORROSION RESISTING STAINLESS STEEL2-166. SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING NICKEL AND HIGH NICKEL ALLOYSTABLE 2-16. RELATION BETWEEN SHEET THICKNESS, WIRE DIA, CURRENT AND EDGE PREPARATION FOR METALIC ARC WELDING OF CORROSION RESISTING STEELS2-176. ELECTRODES FOR ARC WELDING2-184. GAS WELDING OF CORROSION RESISTING STEELS AND NICKEL CHROMIUM IRON ALLOY2-186. SPOT/SEAM WELDING - GENERALTABLE 2-18. FUSION WELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF CORROSION RESISTING STEEL - GENERALFUSION WELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF CORROSION RESISTING STEEL - GENERAL(CONTD) - TM-43-0106_112FUSION WELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF CORROSION RESISTING STEEL - GENERAL(CONTD) - TM-43-0106_113FUSION WELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF CORROSION RESISTING STEEL - GENERAL(CONTD) - TM-43-0106_114FUSION WELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF CORROSION RESISTING STEEL - GENERAL(CONTD) - TM-43-0106_115FUSION WELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF CORROSION RESISTING STEEL - GENERAL(CONTD) - TM-43-0106_116FUSION WELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF CORROSION RESISTING STEEL - GENERAL(CONTD) - TM-43-0106_117TABLE 2-19. FUSION WELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON AND NICKEL ALLOYSFUSION WELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON AND NICKEL ALLOYS. ( CONTD) - TM-43-0106_119FUSION WELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON AND NICKEL ALLOYS. ( CONTD) - TM-43-0106_120FUSION WELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON AND NICKEL ALLOYS. ( CONTD) - TM-43-0106_1212-193. CLEANING/PREPARATION FOR SPOT WELDING.TABLE 2-20. CONTROL OF PICKLING, DE-SCALING OR DISSOLVING ACTION OF NITRICHYDROFLUORIC ACID SOLUTIONS.Figure 2-3. INTERNAL DEFECT - SPOT WELDTABLE 2-21. TYPICAL MACHINE SETTINGS, MINIMUM SPACING AND NUGGET DIAMETER FOR SPOT WELDING CORROSION RESISTING STEELTABLE 2-22. TYPICAL MACHINE SETTINGS, WELDING SPEED, SEAM WIDTH FOR SEAM WELDING CORROSION RESISTING STEELSTABLE 2-23. MINIUM SHEAR PER WELD AND AVERAGE SHEAR REQUIRED FOR SPOT WELDS IN FERROUS, NICKEL BASE AND HEAT RESISTING ALLOS. 1/ '(CONT'D)2-205. WELDING SAFETY PRECAUTIONS2-210. VENTILATION2-213. PREPARATION FOR AND WELDING CONTAINERS2-217. CADMIUM WELDING HAZARDS.2-228. BENDING (SINGLE CURVATURE)2-236. STRETCH FORUING2-241. DROP HAMMER FORMING2-250. Plain Carbon Steels BSA 1016 through 1030.Figure 2-4. Stretch FormingTABLE 2-25. COLD BEND RADH (INSIDE) CARBON/LOW ALLOY STEELS.TABLE 2-27. FORGING TEMPERATURE RANGES FOR CORROSION RESISTANT STEEL (CONT'D)2-282. STEEL SURFACE FINISNES.2-285. TYPES OF PLATING.2-289. Chromium Plating (QQ-C-320)2-296. SURFACE TREATMENTS FOR CORROSION AND HEAT-RESISTING STEELS AND ALLOYSFigure 2-5. SURFACE ROUGHNESS.2-300. VAPOR DEPOSITED COATINGTABLE 2-29. SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND LAY SYMBOLSSECTION III ALUMINUM ALLOYS3-8. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.TABLE 3-3 - FEDERAL AND MILITARY SPECIFICATIONSFEDERAL AND MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS (CONT'D) - TM-43-0106_149FEDERAL AND MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS (CONT'D) - TM-43-0106_150FEDERAL AND MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS (CONT'D) - TM-43-0106_151FEDERAL AND MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS (CONT'D) - TM-43-0106_1523-14. For additional informationTABLE 3-4 - CHEMICAL COMPOSITION NOMINAL AND GENERAL USE DATA 1/CHEMICAL COMPOSITION NOMINAL AND GENERAL USE DATA 1/(CONT'D) - TM-43-0106_155CHEMICAL COMPOSITION NOMINAL AND GENERAL USE DATA 1/(CONT'D) - TM-43-0106_156TABLE 3-5 - MECHANICAL PROPERTIES - TYPICALMECHANICAL PROPERTIES - TYPICAL -contTABLE 3-6 - PHYSICAL PROPERTIES STANDARD ALLOYSTABLE 3-7 - HEAT TREATING (SOAKING) TEMPERATURES3-17. HEAT TREATMENT OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS3-23. SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENTFigure 3-1. Head To Alloy Identification Method3-44. QUENCHINGTABLE 3-8. SOAKING TIME FOR SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT OF ALL WROUGHT PROOUCTS.3-51. HEAT TREATMENT.3-58. AIR FURNACESTABLE 3-11. PRECIPITATION (AGING) TREATING TEMPERATURES,TIMES & CONDITIONS (CONTD)TABLE 3-12. REHEAT TREATMENT OF ALCLAD ALLOYS3-70. FABRICATIONTABLE 3-13. COLD BEND RADII (INSIDE) FOR GENERAL APPLICATIONS.3-81. DRAW FORMING3-89. HOT-FORMING.3-96. JOINING ALUMINUM.3-106. WELDING ROD. 3-118. INERT-GAS SHIELDED TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING (AC)3-123. INERT GAS SHIELDED TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING DIRECT CURRENT (STRAIGHT POLARITY)3-138. WELD FORMATIONTABLE 3-16. TYPICAL MACHINE SETTINGS FOR SPOT WELDING ALUMINUM ALLOYS.3-145. BRAZING ALUMINUM3-154. SOLDERINGTABLE 3-17. GENERAL RIVET (ALUM) IDENTIFICATION CHART - TM-43-0106_182TABLE 3-17. GENERAL RIVET (ALUM) IDENTIFICATION CHART - TM-43-0106_183GENERAL RIVET (ALLUM) IDENTIFICATION CHART (CONT'D) - TM-43-0106_184GENERAL RIVET (ALLUM) IDENTIFICATION CHART (CONT'D) - TM-43-0106_185TABLE 3-18. GENERAL ALUIIINUM RIVET SELECTION CART (RIVET ALLOY VS ASSEMBLY ALLOY)3-180. TURNINGTABLE 3-19. SHEAR STRENGTH OF PROTRUDING AND FLUSH HEAD ALUMINUM ALLOY RIVETS, INCH POUNDS.SHEAR STRENGTH OF PROTRUDING AND FLUSH HEAD ALUMINUM ALLOY RIVETS, INCH POUNDS (CONT'D).TABLE 3-20. BEARING PROPERTIES, TYPICAL, OF ALUMINUI ALLOY PLATES AND SHAPES.TABLE 3-21. STANDARD RIVET HOLE SIZES WITH CORRESPONDING SHEAR AND BEARING AREAS FOR COLD DRIVEN ALUMINUM ALLOY RIVETS.TABLE 3-22. TURNING SPEEDS AND FEEDS.TABLE 3-23. TOOL ANGLES - TURNING.TABLE 3-25. TOOL ANGLES - MILLING.Figure 3-2. Drill Designs and Recommended Cutting AnglesTABLE 3-28. THREAD CONSTANT FOR VARIOUS STANDARD THREAD FORMS.3-202. REAMING3-210. GRINDING. 3-223. HARDNESS TESTING.3-239. ANODIZING PROCESS FOR INSPECTION OF ALUMINUM ALLOY PARTS3-252. DISPOSITION OF SCRATCHED SHEETS/ PARTS.3-260. Corrosion Removal and Treatment of Aluminum SheetsConversion coating3-265. ANODIC COATINGS FOR ALUMINUM .SECTION IV MAGNESIUM ALLOYS4-13. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR HANDLING AND FABRICATION OF MAGNESIUM ALLOYS.TABLE 4-1. CROSS-REFERENCE, ALLOY DESIGNATION TO SPECIFICATIONS.CROSS-REFERENCE, ALLOY DESIGNATION TO SPECIFICATIONS (CONT'D). - TM-43-0106_208CROSS-REFERENCE, ALLOY DESIGNATION TO SPECIFICATIONS (CONT'D). - TM-43-0106_209TABLE 4-2. ALLOY DESIGNATION CROSS-REFERENCE.TABLE 4-3. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM ALLOYS.TABLE 4-4. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES MAGNESIUM EXTRUSIONS AND FORGINGS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE - TYPICALMECHANICAL PROPERTIES MAGNESIUM EXTRUSIONS AND FORGINGS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE - TYPICAL (CONT'D)TABLE 4-5 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES MAGNESIUM ALLOW SHEET AND PLATE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE - TYPICALMECHANICAL PROPERTIES MAGNES8IUM ALLOY AND PLATE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE - TYPICAL (CONT'D)TABLE 4-6 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM ALLOY CASTINGS AT ROOM TEMPERATURESTABLE 4-7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MAGNESIUM ALLOY @68F.4-22. GRINDING AND POLISHING SAFETY PRACTICES 4-24. WELDING, BRAZING AND SOLDERING SAFETY PRACTICES4-27. IDENTIFICATION OF ALLOY4-38. HEAT TREATMENT SOLUTIONTABLE 4-8. SOLUTION HEAT TREATING TEMPERATURES AND HOLDING TIMESTABLE 4-9. ARTIFICIAL AGING (PRECIPITATION TREATMENT)0TABLE 4-10. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM ALLOYS IMPORTANT TO WELDING.f. AZ81A 4-47. WELDING OF VARIOUS ALLOYS.Figure 4-1. Typical Dust Collectors for Magnesium.Figure 4-2. Typical Joints For Arc For MagnesiumFigure 4-3. Backing Plate.TABLE 4-12. SPECIFICATIONS APPLICABLE TO WELDING MAGNESIUM ALLOYS.TABLE 4-13. GUIDE TO REGULATION OF GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT.TABLE 4-14. WELDING RODS FOR JOINING WROUGHT TO WROUGHT ALLOYTABLE 4-17. WELDING FLUXES FOR MAGNESIUM.4-64. ARC WELDINGTABLE 4-19. PREHEAT TEMPERATURES FOR WELDING CASTINGSTABLE 4-21. INFORMATION FOR MANUAL GAS TUNGSTEN - ARC WELDING MAGNESIUM.4-77. WELDING METHODS.4-84. Spot Welding Equipment Requirements.TABLE 4-23. CONSUMABLE ARC WELDING DATA.TABLE 4-24. ARC WELD FAULTS.TABLE 4-25. SPOT WELDING MACHINES FOR MAGNESIUM.TABLE 4-28. SPOT WELDING AX31B SINGLE PHASE AC SINGLE WELD FORCE.TABLE 4-29. SPOT WELDING WITH 3-PHASE FREQ CONVERTER MACHINES - SINGLE WELD FORCESECTION V TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYSTABLE 5-1. SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE TITANIUM ALLOYSSPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE TITANIUM ALLOYS (Cont) - TM-43-0106_246SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE TITANIUM ALLOYS (Cont) - TM-43-0106_247TABLE 5-1. SPECIFICATION CROSS REFERENCE TITANIUM ALLOYS (Cont).TABLE 5-2. NOMINAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE5-24. HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENTTABLE 5-3. HEAT TREAT, STRESS RELEIF AND ANNEALING TEMPERATURES AND TIMESHEAT TREAT, STRESS RELIEF AND ANNEALING TEMPERATURES AND TIMES(CONTD)9/ Air cool flow5-27. FABRICATION.TABLE 5-4. RECOMMENDED MINIMUM COLD BEND RADII5-36. JOGGLING5-42. WELDING CHARACTERISTICSWELDING CHARACTERISTICS (CONT'D)5-44. CLEANINGTABLE 5-5. MINIMUM REQUIRED SHEAR STRENGTH PER WELD FOR SPOT WELD SHEAR SPECIMEN AND MINIMUM AVERAGE STRENGH, TITANIUM AND TITANIUM BASE ALLOYS 1/.5-53. MACHINING AND GRINDINGTABLE 5-6. TURNING SPEEDS FOR TITANIUM ALLOYSTABLE 5-9. ANGLES FOR TOOL GRINDINGSECTION VI COPPER AND COPPER BASE ALLOYS.TABLE 6-1. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BY TRADE NAMECHEMICAL COMPOSITION BY TRADE NAME (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_266CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BY TRADE NAME (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_267CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BY TRADE NAME (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_268CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BY TRADE NAME (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_269CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BY TRADE NAME (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_270CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BY TRADE NAME (CONTD) - TM-43-0106_271TABLE 6-2. HOT WORKING AND ANNEALING TEMPERATURES FOR COPPER AND WROUGHT COPPER ALLOYS.TABLE 6-3. TYPICAL STRESS-RELIEF TREATMENTS FOR CERTAIN COPPER ALLOYS)TABLE 6-5. TYPICAL ENGINEERING PROPERTIESSECTION VII TOOL STEELSTABLE 7-1. TOOL STEEL SPECIFICATIONSTABLE 7-2. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, TOOL STEELCHEMICAL COMPOSITION, TOOL STEEL (CONTD)TABLE 7-3. TOOL STEEL SELECTION7-16. HEAT TREAT DATATABLE 7-5. FORGING, NORMALIZING AND ANNEALING TREATMENTS OF TOOL AND DIE STEELSFORGING, NORMALIZING AND ANNEALING TREATMENTS OF TOOL AND DIE STEELS (CONT) - TM-43-0106_282FORGING, NORMALIZING AND ANNEALING TREATMENTS OF TOOL AND DIE STEELS (CONT) - TM-43-0106_283TABLE 7-6. THERMAL; TREATMENT FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING TOOL STEEL - GENERALTHERMAL; TREATMENT FOR HARDENING AND TEMPERING TOOL STEEL - GENERAL (CONT)TABLE 7-7. COMPARISON OF TOOL STEEL PROPERTIESCOMPARISON OF TOOL STEEL PROPERTIES (CONTD)SECTION VIll TESTING AND INSPECTION HARDNESS TESTINGTABLE 8-1 - HARDNESS CONVERSION CHARTFigure 8-1. Brinell Hardness TesterFigure 8-2. Rockwell Hardness TesterFigure 8-3. Attachments for Rockwell TesterFigure 8-4. Vickers Pyramid hardness TesterFigure 8-5. Standard Pyramid Diamond IndentorFigure 8-6. Shore ScleroscopeTABLE 8-2. ROCKWELL SCALES, LOADS AND PREFIX LETTERSFigure 8-7. Test SpecimensTABLE 8-3. APPROXIMATE HARDNESS - TENSILE STRENGTH RELATIONSHIP OF CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEELSAPPROXIMATE HARDNESS - TENSILE STRENGTH RELATIONSHIP OF CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEELS (CONT'D)8-27. NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION METHODS.APPENDIX I SUPPLEMENTAL DATATABLE A-2. DECIMAL EQUIVALENTSDECIMAL EQUIVALENTS (CONT'D) - TM-43-0106_303DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS (CONT'D) - TM-43-0106_304TABLE A-3. ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORSENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS (CONT'D)TABLE A-4. TABLE OF WEIGHTS - ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM ALLOYTABLE A-5. TABLE OF WEIGHTS - BRASS (CONT.)TABLE A-6. TABLE OF WEIGHTS - BRONZETABLE A-7. TABLE OF WEIGHTS - COPPER (CONT.)TABLE A-8. TABLE OF WEIGHTS - IRON (CONT.)TABLE A-12. TABLE OF WEIGHTS - NICKEL COPPER ALLOYTABLE A-13. TABLE OF WEIGHTS - STEEL (CONT.)TABLE A-14. TABLE OF WEIGHTS - ZINCTABLE A-15. TEMPERATURE CONVERSION CHARTTABLE A-16. STANDARD BEND RADII FOR 90 COLD FORMING FLAT SHEETSTANDARD BEND RADII FOR 90 COLD FORMING FLAT SHEET (CONTD)TABLE A-17. METAL BENDING AND BEND RADII BEND ALLOWANCES SHEET METAL BEND ALLOWANCES PER DEGREE OF BEND ALUMINUM ALLOYSTABLE A-18. BEND SET BACK CHARTTABLE A-19. COMPARATIVE TABLE OF STANDARD GAGESTABLE A-20. MELTING POINTS APPROXIMATE