TM 1-1510-224-10 the ground.  The following paragraphs give, in detail, the instructions   and   precautions   necessary   to   accomplish ground   handling   functions.      Parking,   covers,   ground handling,  and  towing  equipment  are  shown  in  figure  2- 46. a. General Ground Handling Procedure.  Accidents resulting in injury to personnel and damage to equipment can   be   avoided   or   minimized   by   close   observance   of existing safety standards and recognized ground handling     procedures.          Carelessness     or     insufficient knowledge  of  the  aircraft  or  equipment  being  handled can   be   fatal.      The   applicable   technical   manuals   and pertinent  directives  should  be  studied  for  familiarization with    the    aircraft,    its    components,    and    the    ground handling procedures applicable to it, before attempting to accomplish ground handling. b. Ground    Handling    Safety    Practices.        Aircraft equipped    with    turboprop    engines    require    additional maintenance   safety   practices.      The   following   list   of safety   practices   should   be   observed   at   all   times   to prevent  possible  injury  to  personnel  and/or  damaged  or destroyed aircraft: (1) Keep intake air ducts free of loose articles such as rags, tools, etc. (2) Stay clear of exhaust outlet areas. (3) During  ground  runup,  ensure  the  brakes are firmly set. (4) Keep  area  fore  and  aft  of  propellers  clear of maintenance equipment. (5) Do  not  operate  engines  with  flight  control surfaces in the locked position. (6) Do   not   attempt   towing   or   taxiing   of   the aircraft with flight control surfaces in the locked position. (7) When   high   winds   are   present,   do   not unlock   the   control   surfaces   until   prepared   to   properly operate them. (8) Do    not    operate    engines    while    towing equipment is attached to the aircraft, or while the aircraft is tied down. (9) Check  the  nose  wheel  position.    Unless  it is  in  the  centered  position,  avoid  operating  the  engines at high power settings. (10) Hold     control     surfaces     in     the     neutral position  when  the  engines  are  being  operated  at  high power settings. (11) When  moving  the  aircraft,  do  not  push  on propeller    deicing    boots.        Damage    to    the    heating elements may result. c. Moving Aircraft on Ground.  Aircraft on the ground shall be moved in accordance with the following: (1) Taxiing.  Taxiing shall be in accordance with chapter 8. CAUTION When  the  aircraft  is  being  towed,  a qualified person must be in the pilot's seat to maintain control by use of the brakes.  When towing, do not exceed nose    gear    turn    limits    (fig.        2-47). Avoid  short  radius  turns,  and  always keep the inside or pivot wheel turning during   the   operation.      Do   not   tow aircraft with rudder locks installed, as severe  damage  to  the  nose  steering linkage can result.  When moving the aircraft  backwards,  do  not  apply  the brakes   abruptly.      Tow   the   aircraft slowly, avoiding sudden stops, especially   over   snowy,   icy,   rough, soggy,   or   muddy   terrain.      In   arctic climates,  the  aircraft  must  be  towed by   the   main   gears,   as   an   immense breakaway   load,   resulting   from   ice, frozen  tires,  and  stiffened  grease  in the  wheel  bearings  may  damage  the nose gear. Do    not    tow    or    taxi    aircraft    with deflated shock struts. (2) Towing.    Towing  lugs  are  provided  on  the upper  torque  knee  fitting  of  the  nose  strut.    When  it  is necessary   to   tow   the   aircraft   with   a   vehicle,   use   the vehicle   tow   bar.      Never   exceed   the   turn   limit   arrows displayed   on   the   placard   located   on   the   nose   gear assembly   (fig.      2-47).      In   the   event   towing   lines   are necessary,  use  towing  lugs  on  the  main  landing  gear. Use towing lines long enough to clear nose and/or tail by at  least  15  feet.    This  length  is  required  to  prevent  the aircraft from overrunning the towing vehicle or fouling the nose gear. d. Ground Handling Under Extreme Weather Conditions.      Extreme   weather   conditions   necessitate particular care in ground handling of the aircraft.  In hot, dry,  sandy,  desert  conditions,  special  attention  must  be devoted  to  finding  a  firmly  packed  parking  and  towing area.    If  such  areas  are  not  available,  steel  mats  or  an equivalent    solid    base    must    be    provided    for    these purposes.  In wet, swampy areas, care must be taken to avoid  bogging  down  the  aircraft.    Under  cold,  icy,  arctic conditions,   additional   mooring   is   required,   and   added precautions   must   be   taken   to   avoid   skidding   during towing operations. 2-104. PARKING. Parking   is   defined   as   the   normal   condition   under which  the  aircraft  will  be  secured  while  on  the  ground. This condition may vary from the temporary expedient of setting 2-104